Food State Research
1.Vinson, J.A. and Jang, J. In Vitro and In Vivo lipoprotein antioxidant effect of a citrus extract and ascorbic acid on normal and hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Journal of Medicinal Foods, 2001, 4:4;187-192.
This study outlines the benefits of including the supporting compounds naturally found in food such as polyphenols in a vitamin supplement. Polyphenols and particularly flavonoids are well known in vitro antioxidants. Their consumption in foods has been shown to decrease the risk of heart disease in epidemiological studies. Because flavonoids are consumed with vitamin C in the diet, the combination may prove to be more beneficial than either alone. The combination of citrus extract and vitamin C was found to produce a synergistic antioxidant effect in an in vitro lipoprotein oxidation model. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 26 normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects, the citrus extract and vitamin C, but not vitamin C or vitamin E alone, significantly lowered triglycerides. The combination of citrus extract and vitamin C increased the lag time of lipoprotein oxidation, compared with vitamin C alone or a placebo, and was a significantly better antioxidant than vitamin E. These results and other published studies are highly suggestive of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant synergism between citrus extract and vitamin C.
2.Vinson, J.A., et al., A citrus extract plus ascorbic acid decreases lipids, lipid peroxides, lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility, and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1998,46:4, 1453-1459.
This study show the benefit of Food State vitamin C lowering cholesterol in the blood stream and significantly inhibiting atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) therefore decreasing the risk of coronary disease. A citrus extract containing flavonoids and ascorbic acid was used as a supplement to investigate its effect on lipids in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Ascorbic acid or the flavonoids were without effect except that ascorbate did significantly raise HDL. After 1 month of feeding, the citrus extract plus ascorbic acid synergistically caused a significant reduction of 77%, 66%, and 40% in plasma total cholesterol, LDL + VLDL, and triglycerides, respectively, in comparison to the control group. The extract was also a synergistic inhibitor of in vitro cupric ion LDL + VLDL oxidation compared with ascorbic acid or the flavonoids alone. In a second 10-week hamster study, citrus extract plus ascorbate also significantly lowered plasma lipids, lipid peroxides, and ex vivo LDL + VLDL oxidizability vs a control group. Citrus extract plus ascorbate strongly inhibited atherosclerosis, and there was a significant correlation between several indices of oxidative susceptibility and atherosclerosis.
3.Vinson, J.A., et al., Selenium yeast is an effective in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and hypolipemic agent in normal hamsters. Nutritional Research, 1998, 18:4 735-742.
This study shows the effectiveness of Food State selenium over other pharmaceutical forms of the compound. Selenium as the selenite, selenomethionine, ebselen and yeast was investigated in an in vitro low density lipoprotein oxidation model to mimic the first step in atherogenesis. Ebselen and selenium yeast were found to be the best antioxidants of the forms of selenium. Selenium yeast was then given in two doses as a supplement to chow-fed hamsters for 15 days. The yeast significantly decreased total plasma cholesterol and the atherogenic index but did not significantly diminish HDL and triglycerides. Selenium yeast significantly decreased plasma lipid peroxides, low density lipoprotein oxidation lag time, and maximum slope of oxidation. These results indicate that selenium yeast is a powerful in vitro and in vivo antioxidant as well as a hypolipemic agent. These two actions could explain the benefit of selenium seen in epidemiology studies.
4.Vinson J.A and Bose P. Comparative Bioavailability to Humans of Ascorbic Acid Alone or in Citrus Extract. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998, 48:3 601-604 This study shows that Food State Vitamin C is significantly more bio-available (easily absorbed by the body) than ascorbic acid (isolate vitamin C)
This study was performed to determine whether synthetic ascorbic acid (AA) alone or in a natural citrus extract containing bioflavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates was more bioavailable to human subjects. The effect of a single 500-mg ascorbate dose of the two forms and a placebo citrus extract on plasma ascorbate was examined in eight fasting subjects. A comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves showed that the citrus extract was 35% more absorbed than AA (p less than 0.001) and was more slowly absorbed than AA (p less than 0.001). In six ascorbate-saturated male subjects the ascorbate in the citrus extract produced a greater ascorbate excretion than AA alone in 24-h post-dose urine (p less than 0.05). Citrus extract ascorbate was less excreted than AA (p less than 0.05) in 12 nonsaturated subjects. Ascorbate in the citrus extract was found to be more bioavailable than AA alone in human subjects.
5.Vinson, J.A. and Howard, T.B. III. Inhibition of protein glycation and advanced glycation end products by ascorbic acid and other vitamins and nutrients Nutritional Biochemistry, 1996, 7: 659-663.
This study outlines how Food State vitamin C can be used to reduce the risk of complications in diabetes. This highlights the effectiveness of Food State vitamin C. Nonenzymatic glycation, the reaction of glucose and other reducing sugars with protein, reversibly produces Amadori products and over a long period irreversible advanced glycation end products. In diabetes, these reactions are greatly accelerated and are important in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In vitro glycation was studied with bovine albumin as the model protein. A mixture of 25 mM glucose/fructose was used as the glycating agent. The Amadori product was quantitated by thiobarbituric acid colorimetry after hydrolysis. Advanced glycation end products were measured by their intrinsic fluorescence. A number of vitamins and nutrients were found to be potent inhibitors of both the glycation reaction and the subsequent end products. The nutrients were effective at physiological concentrations and exhibited dose-response relationships. The inhibitors included ascorbic acid, tocopherol, pyridoxal, niacinamide, sodium selenite, selenium yeast, and carnosine. A significant correlation was found between the inhibition of glycation and the inhibition of AGE formation (P < 0.001). One of the nutrients, ascorbic acid, was used in a pilot study. Eighteen normal subjects, 7 college age and 10 middle age, were supplemented with 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid in the form of Re-Natured Vitamin C® for a period of 4 weeks. Serum protein glycation was decreased an average of 46.8% (P < 0.01). These results underline the importance of nutrition in diabetes and indicate the possibility of therapeutic use of these nutrients for the prevention of diabetic complications.
6.Cahill, R.J., et al., Effects of vitamin antioxidant supplementation on cell kinetics of patients with adenomatous polyps. Gut. 1993; 34(7): 963–967
This study shows the effectiveness of Food State vitamin C at reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Colonic crypt cell proliferation is used as an indicator of risk of colorectal carcinoma. Subjects with adenomatous polyps and cancer have an increased cell proliferation and a shift of the proliferative zone towards the apex of the crypt. Epidemiological and in vitro studies have confirmed a link between vitamins A, E, C, beta-carotene, and colorectal cancer. In vitro bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemical technique was used to assess the effect of daily oral supplementation with vitamin E (160 mg), vitamin C (750 mg), or beta-carotene (9 mg) on the colonic crypt cell proliferation in patients with adenomatous polyps (n = 40) compared with normal subjects with no colonic disease (n = 20). The patients were given supplementation for one month and colonic biopsy specimens were taken before and at the end of the trial. Patients with adenomatous polyps had a significantly higher mean labelling index per cent than controls (p < 0.001). Vitamin C or beta-carotene supplementation, however, significantly reduced the total proliferation (p < 0.005) whereas vitamin E supplementation had no effect on the colonic crypt cell proliferation. beta-carotene reduced cell proliferation at the base of the crypt only. Vitamin C reduced cell proliferation in all the crypt compartments from the apex to the base to those values seen in age and sex matched controls. These findings indicate that prolonged supplementation with vitamin C may reduce the recurrence of adenomatous polyps.
7.Cahill, R.J., et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin C on colonic crypt cell proliferation. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 1993, 2:1: 28.
8.Vinson, J.A. and Hsu, C. Effect of vitamins A, E and a citrus extract in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation Med. Sci. Res., 1992, 20: 145-146.
9.Courey, B.S ,Vinson, J.A. et al.,. Comparison of two forms of Vitamin C on Galactose Cataracts. Nutrition Research, 1992, 12: 915-922.
10.Vinson J.A et al., In vitro and in vivo reduction of Erythrocyte Sorbitol by Ascorbic Acid. Diabetes, 1989, 38(8):1036-41.
This study suggests that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is effective at preventing ameliorating the complications of diabetes. Furthermore that Food State vitamin C is significantly more effective at producing these results than ascorbic acid alone. The in vitro accumulation of sorbitol by human erythrocytes incubated in a physiological glucose medium was found to be strongly reduced by the addition of ascorbic acid (AA). A maximal inhibition of sorbitol in the erythrocytes of 98.3% occurred when the concentration of AA was at its peak in the cells. After incubation, the erythrocyte sorbitol was found to be inversely correlated with the concentration of AA in the erythrocytes. A human supplementation study was conducted with 10 normoglycemic subjects. Each was given 500 mg/day AA alone or in a citrus fruit medium. Each supplementation lasted 2 wk and was followed by a 10-day washout. The citrus fruit medium produced a significantly greater increase in erythrocyte AA compared with AA alone. AA alone and in citrus fruit medium decreased erythrocyte sorbitol 12.6 and 27.2%, respectively, with the latter being significantly more effective. In a study with 4 subjects, 2000 mg/day AA resulted in a reduction in erythrocyte sorbitol of 56.1%. As in the in vitro study, there was an inverse relationship between erythrocyte AA and sorbitol. Two thousand milligrams of AA per day (AA or citrus fruit medium) was given to 8 diabetic subjects in a preliminary 3-wk supplementation trial in which erythrocyte sorbitol levels were decreased by 44.5%. These results suggest that AA supplementation for diabetic subjects may provide a simple means of preventing and ameliorating the complications of diabetes without the use of drugs.
11.Vinson, J.A. and Bose, P. Comparative bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid alone or in a citrus extract. Ame J Clin Nutr, 1988, 48:3; 601-604.
This study shows that Food State vitamin c is significantly more bioavailable than ascorbic acid alone. This study was performed to determine whether synthetic ascorbic acid (AA) alone or in a natural citrus extract containing bioflavonoids, proteins, and carbohydrates was more bioavailable to human subjects. The effect of a single 500-mg ascorbate dose of the two forms and a placebo citrus extract on plasma ascorbate was examined in eight fasting subjects. A comparison of the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves showed that the citrus extract was 35% more absorbed than AA (p less than 0.001) and was more slowly absorbed than AA (p less than 0.001). In six ascorbate-saturated male subjects the ascorbate in the citrus extract produced a greater ascorbate excretion than AA alone in 24-h post-dose urine (p less than 0.05). Citrus extract ascorbate was less excreted than AA (p less than 0.05) in 12 nonsaturated subjects. Ascorbate in the citrus extract was found to be more bioavailable than AA alone in human subjects.
12.Vinson, J.A., et al: Comparison of different forms of calcium on blood pressure of normotensive young males. Nutrition Reports International, 1987, 36:3.
13.Vinson, J.A. and Hsiao, K. Comparative effect of various forms of chromium on serum glucose: an assay for biologically active chromium. Nutrition Reports International, 1985, 32:1.
14.Vinson, J.A. and Bose, P. The effect of a high chromium yeast in the blood glucose control and blood lipids of normal and diabetic human subjects, Nutrition Reports International, 1984, 30:4.
This study indicates the effectiveness of Food State chromium on improving blood glucose control, lowered serum lipids and a decreasing the risk of coronary heart disease. New high potency organic chromium yeast was investigated for its effect on blood control and serum lipids in a group of 23 normal and diabetic subjects which were sub-divided into normals, hyperglycaemics, insulin-dependent diabetics and noninsulin dependent diabetics. Each volunteer daily took 100 mg of yeast containing 218 mg of chromium for a period of six months. The blood and serum was analysed before supplementation and periodically throughout the study. Transient improvements in the various parameters occurred in all the groups in the early portion of the study. However, after six months of supplementation, the only group to statistically significantly benefit was the hyperglycaemic group. This group had improved blood glucose control, lowered serum lipids and a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.
15.Vinson, J.A. and Bose, P. Comparative bioavailability of synthetic and natural vitamin c in guinea pigs. Nutrition Reports International, 1983, 27:4.